Contagious Disease Medical Studies Public Health

Does the Optimal Medical Treatment of Hepatitis C depend on whether the Patient is Incarcerated?

Incarcerated individuals are more likely to have the hepatitis C virus (HCV) than those who live in the community.  The high prevalence of HCV infection in the prison population is largely due tot he fact that prisoners hare more likely to have a history of intravenous drug use.  “A history of intravenous drug use is estimated in 20% of state inmates and 55% of federal inmates…In addition, up to 83% of intravenous drug users will be incarcerated at some point in their lifetime.”

One outstanding question is whether inmates responses to HCV treatment are as successful as for HCV-infected individuals who are not incarcerated.  Using a sample of almost 1000 individuals in Wisconsin, a recent paper by Rice et al. attempts to answer that question.  Their findings are described below.

Summary of findings:

Incarcerated patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are just as likely to respond to treatment for the disease as patients in the community, according to findings published in the October issue of Hepatology, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The study from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH) in Madison found that HCV patients in prison were just as likely to achieve a sustained viral response (SVR) as non-incarcerated patients.

Medical evidence reports that chronic HCV is the leading cause of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and liver disease mortality in the U.S. Further studies have shown the risk of developing cirrhosis due to chronic HCV ranges between 5 and 25 percent over a 25 to 30 year period. Consequences caused by chronic HCV are major public health concerns within the U.S. prison system, with research conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimating up to 31 percent of U.S. inmates have chronic HCV, compared to just two percent of the general population in this country.

“Given that a history of intravenous drug use is more frequent among inmates, there is a higher prevalence of HCV infection in the prison population,” explains lead author Dr. Michael Lucey, Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the SMPH. “HCV treatment during incarceration provides an opportunity to make a significant improvement to public health.”

Incarcerated and non-incarcerated patients with HCV who were seen at the University of Wisconsin Hepatology or Infectious Diseases Clinic between January 2002 and December 2007, were evaluated for antiviral therapy. Researchers identified 521 general-population patients and 388 from the prison population who were evaluated for HCV therapy.

Results show that 61 percent of non-incarcerated and 60 percent of incarcerated patients received treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Those from the prison population were more likely to be African-American males with a history of alcohol or intravenous drug use. The team reported that SVR was achieved in 43 percent of prisoners compared to 38 percent of patients in the general-population group.

“Our findings highlight the effectiveness of antiviral therapy in HCV-infected prisoners, and show that it is as successful as treatment for HCV patients in the general population,” concludes Dr. Lucey. “With previous studies citing poor results of HCV treatment in high-risk groups on an outpatient basis, a correctional setting may be an optimal setting for treatment that will help curb the hepatitis C public health crisis.”

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