Pregnancy

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Home Births: Feminists vs. OB/GYNs

April 20, 2012 in Licensure, Nonphysician Clinicians, Regulation | No comments

Why aren’t physicians more supportive of home births and midwifery?  The answer is that it eats into their market share and reduces their income.

“[In the 1970s] feminists argued that medical care needed to be demystified and women’s lives demedicalized.  They maintained that childbirth was not a disease and normal deliveries did not require hospitalization and the supervision of an obsterician.

The conflict over home birth proved to be one of the most bitter between the medical profession and the women’s movement.  While no state forbade home birth, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists actively discouraged it as unconscionably risky.  Doctors who participated in home births by offering backup in emergencies were threatened with loss of hospital privileges and even their medical licenses.  Midwives in California were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license.”

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“The country’s dismal rates of vaginal birth after Caesarean”

March 9, 2010 in Nonphysician Clinicians, Physician Compensation | No comments

From the N.Y. Times:

The national Caesarean rate, 31.8 percent, has been rising steadily for the last 11 years and is fed by repeat patients. Critics say that doctors are performing too many Caesareans, needlessly exposing women and infants to surgical risks and running up several billion dollars a year in excess bills, precisely the kind of overuse that a health care overhaul is supposed to address.

In fact, the rate of vaginal birth after Caesarean (VBAC) is now below 10%.  Some doctors claim that VBACs risk tearing the mother’s scar tissue on her uterus, but others–including the profiled women on a Navajo reservation–successfully undergo multiple VBACs.  Why are the rates VBAC rates so low?

  • Fears of malpractice
  • Physicians make more money Caesarean rather than a vaginal birth
  • Caesarean’s use fewer physician hours than vaginal births
  • Fewer expected number of pregnancies
  • Patient demand

Why are Caesarean rates so much lower on the Navajo reservation?  On the reservation, physicians are federally insured against malpractice, are paid a salary, and the use of midwives is much more common.  Additionally, Navajo “couples often want more than two children, but repeated Caesareans increase the risk of each pregnancy, so doctors and patients are motivated to avoid the surgery.”

To see further evidence of how different physician compensation methods can alter surgery rates, see my own study in Health Economics.

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Maternal Leave and Maternal Health

August 5, 2008 in Academic Articles | Permalink

Does taking time off of work help to improve maternal health after pregnancy? A recent NBER working paper by Pinka Chatterji and Sara Markowitz attempts to answer this question. The abstract of the paper is below:

  • In the United States, almost a third of new mothers who worked during pregnancy return to work within three months of childbirth. Current public policies in the U.S. do not support long periods of family leave after childbirth, although some states are starting to change this. As such, it is vital to understand how length of family leave during the first year after childbirth affects families’ health and wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between family leave length, which includes leave taking by mothers and fathers, and behavioral and physical health outcomes among new mothers. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort, we examine measures of depression, overall health status, and substance use. We use a standard OLS as well as an instrumental variables approach with county-level employment conditions and state-level maternity leave policies as identifying instruments. The results suggest that longer maternity leave from work, both paid and un-paid, is associated with declines in depressive symptoms, a reduction in the likelihood of severe depression, and an improvement in overall maternal health. We also find that having a spouse that did not take any paternal leave after childbirth is associated with higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms. We do not find, however, that length of paternal leave is associated with overall maternal health, and we find only mixed evidence that leave length after childbirth affects maternal alcohol use and smoking.

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